• Go Direct Potassium Ion-Selective Electrode (Go Direct Ion-Selective Electrode Amplifier connected to a Go Direct Potassium BNC Electrode)
• 30 mL bottle of High Standard solution with SDS (1000 mg/L K⁺)
• 30 mL bottle of Low Standard solution with SDS (10 mg/L K⁺)
• Short-Term ISE Soaking Bottle
• Micro USB Cable

Choose a platform below to see its compatibility requirements.

LabQuest

Interface	LabQuest App
LabQuest 3	Full support
LabQuest 2 (discontinued)	Full support 1
LabQuest (discontinued)	Incompatible

Compatibility Notes

1. Wireless connection of this sensor to a LabQuest 2 requires a Go Direct Bluetooth Adapter when used with some older LabQuest 2 models.

Computers

	Software
Interface	Graphical Analysis
No interface required	Full support 1
LabQuest 3	Full support 2
LabQuest 2 (discontinued)	Full support 2 3

Compatibility Notes

1. For Bluetooth^® connectivity, only computers running Windows 10 or Mac OS X 10.10 or newer are supported. The computer must also have a compatible Bluetooth 4.0⁺ radio.
2. Connect this sensor directly to a computer or Chromebook via a USB or wireless Bluetooth^® connection for best results. Alternatively, this sensor is fully supported when used with LabQuest 2 or LabQuest 3 when the LabQuest is connected to a computer or Chromebook via Wireless Data Sharing.
3. Wireless connection of this sensor to a LabQuest 2 requires a Go Direct Bluetooth Adapter when used with some older LabQuest 2 models.

Chromebook

	Software
Interface	Graphical Analysis
No interface required	Full support
LabQuest 3	Full support 1
LabQuest 2 (discontinued)	Full support 1 2

Compatibility Notes

1. Connect this sensor directly to a computer or Chromebook via a USB or wireless Bluetooth^® connection for best results. Alternatively, this sensor is fully supported when used with LabQuest 2 or LabQuest 3 when the LabQuest is connected to a computer or Chromebook via Wireless Data Sharing.
2. Wireless connection of this sensor to a LabQuest 2 requires a Go Direct Bluetooth Adapter when used with some older LabQuest 2 models.

iOS

	Software
Interface	Graphical Analysis	Graphical Analysis GW
No interface required	Full support	Full support
LabQuest 3	Full support 1 2	Full support 1 2
LabQuest 2 (discontinued)	Full support 1 2 3	Full support 1 2 3

Compatibility Notes

1. Connect this sensor directly to a supported mobile device via a wireless Bluetooth^® connection for best results.
2. iOS and Android^™ devices can only connect to LabQuest 2 or LabQuest 3 via Wireless Data Sharing.
3. Wireless connection of this sensor to a LabQuest 2 requires a Go Direct Bluetooth Adapter when used with some older LabQuest 2 models.

Android

	Software
Interface	Graphical Analysis	Graphical Analysis GW
No interface required	Full support	Incompatible
LabQuest 3	Full support 1 2	Full support 1
LabQuest 2 (discontinued)	Full support 1 2 3	Full support 1 3

Compatibility Notes

1. iOS and Android^™ devices can only connect to LabQuest 2 or LabQuest 3 via Wireless Data Sharing.
2. Connect this sensor directly to a supported mobile device via a wireless Bluetooth^® connection for best results.
3. Wireless connection of this sensor to a LabQuest 2 requires a Go Direct Bluetooth Adapter when used with some older LabQuest 2 models.

Python

	Software
Interface	Python
No interface required	Full support

Javascript

	Software
Interface	Javascript
No interface required	Full support 1

Compatibility Notes

1. A wireless Bluetooth^® connection can be made with Go Direct sensors on any platform running a browser with WebBluetooth support. However, only a few operating systems have been tested and testing has been limited.

LabVIEW

	Software
Interface	NI LabVIEW
No interface required	Full support 1

Compatibility Notes

1. For Bluetooth^® connectivity, only computers running Windows 10 or Mac OS X 10.10 or newer are supported. The computer must also have a compatible Bluetooth 4.0⁺ radio.

Quick Start: Vernier Graphical Analysis^® and Bluetooth^®

Please see the following link for platform-specific connection information:

www.vernier.com/start/gdx-k

See the following link for up-to-date connection information:

www.vernier.com/start/gdx-k

Connected and charging	Blue and Green LED solid when sensor is connected to Graphical Analysis via USB and unit is charging. (Green LED is obscured by the blue one.)
Connected, fully charged	Green LED solid when sensor is connected to Graphical Analysis via USB and the unit is fully charged.
Charging via USB, connected via Bluetooth	Blue LED is solid and green LED is flashing, but the green flashing LED looks white because it is overwhelmed by the blue.

When two or more sensors are connected, the sensors can be identified by tapping or clicking Identify in Sensor Information.

1. Remove the storage bottle from the electrode by unscrewing the lid and removing the bottle and lid.
2. Thoroughly rinse the lower section of the probe using distilled or deionized water.
3. Soak the tip of the electrode for 30 minutes in the High Standard solution.
   • The ISE should not rest on the bottom of the container.
   • The small white reference contacts near the tip of the electrode should be immersed.
   • Make sure no air bubbles are trapped below the ISE.
4. Connect the sensor following the steps in the Quick Start section.
5. For best results, perform a two-point calibration using the High and Low Standard solutions. For calibration instructions, see www.vernier.com/til/4011
6. When you are finished making measurements, rinse the electrode with distilled water.
7. Slide the cap onto the electrode body, and then screw the cap onto the storage bottle so the tip of the electrode is not touching the sponge.

Important: Do not fully submerge the sensor. The BNC connection is not waterproof.

Important: Do not leave the ISE soaking for more than 24 hours.

Note: If the ISE needs to be transported to the field during the soaking process, use the Short-Term ISE Soaking Bottle. Remove the cap from the bottle and fill it 3/4 full with High Standard. Slide the bottle’s cap onto the ISE, insert it into the bottle, and tighten it. For long-term storage, greater than 24 hours, make sure the sensor is stored in its storage bottle with the sponge slightly damp.

Channels

Go Direct Potassium Ion-Selective Electrode has six sensor channels. The channel names are

• Potential (mV)
• Chloride (mg/L)
• Ammonium (mg/L)
• Calcium (mg/L)
• Nitrate (mg/L)
• Potassium (mg/L)

A calibration is stored on each sensor before it is shipped. As the membrane ages, this factory calibration may become inadequate. For best results, we recommend performing a two-point calibration.

Note: If you plan to use the electrode outside the range of the standards provided, you will need to prepare your own standards and use those for soaking and calibration. Standards should be two decades apart (e.g., 5 mg/L and 500 mg/L).

For additional calibration information, see www.vernier.com/til/4011

Range	1–39,000 mg/L
Interfering ions	Rb2+, Cs2+, NH4+, Ca2+, Mg2+, Li+
pH range	2–12 (not compensated)
Temperature range	0–40°C (not compensated)
Electrode slope	56 ±3 mV/decade at 25°C
Potential readings, typical	166 mV (1000 ppm), 50 mV (10 ppm)
Electrode resistance	1–10 MΩ
Accuracy after calibration	±11% of full scale
Minimum sample size	must be submerged 2.8 cm (1.1 in)
Accuracy	±16% of full scale
USB specification	2.0
Wireless specification	Bluetooth 4.2
Maximum wireless range	30 m
Battery	300 mA Li-Poly
Battery life (single full charge)	~24 hours
Battery life (long term)	~500 full charge cycles (several years depending on usage)

Proper care and storage is important for optimal longevity.

• Long-term storage of the ISE (longer than 24 hours): Moisten the sponge in the bottom of the long-term storage bottle with distilled water. When you finish using the ISE, rinse it off with distilled water and blot it dry with a tissue. Loosen the lid of the bottle and insert the ISE. Note: The tip of the ISE should not be touching the sponge. Check to be sure the reference mark is inside, rather than outside the bottle or under the grommet. Tighten the lid. This keeps the electrode in a humid environment, which prevents the reference junctions from completely drying out.
• Put the device in sleep mode by holding the button down for at least three seconds. The red LED will stop flashing to show that the unit is in sleep mode. Over several months, the battery will discharge but will not be damaged. After such storage, charge the device for a few hours, and the unit will be ready to go.
• Short-term, wet storage (less than 24 hours): Fill the short-term soaking bottle 3/4 full with High Standard. Loosen the cap, insert the electrode into the bottle, and tighten.

Note: Exposing the battery to temperatures over 35°C (95°F) will reduce its lifespan. If possible, store the device in an area that is not exposed to temperature extremes.

Maintaining and Replacing the ISE Standard Calibration Solutions

Having accurate standard solutions is essential for performing good calibrations. The two standard solutions that were included with your ISE can last a long time if you take care not to contaminate them. At some point, you will need to replenish your supply of standard solutions. Vernier sells 500 mL bottles of Potassium Low Standard, 10 mg/L (order code K-LST) and Potassium High Standard, 1000 mg/L (order code K-HST).

To prepare your own standard solutions, use the information in the table below. Note: Use glassware designed for accurate volume measurements, such as volumetric flasks or graduated cylinders. All glassware must be very clean.

Standard Solution	Concentration (mg/L or ppm)	Preparation Method using High Quality Distilled Water
Potassium (K+) ISE High Standard	1000 mg/L K+	1.907 g KCl / 1 L solution
Potassium (K+) ISE Low Standard	10 mg/L K+	Dilute the High Standard by a factor of 100 (from 1000 mg/L to 10 mg/L)*

*Perform two serial dilutions as described below.

1. Combine 100 mL of the High Standard with 900 mL of distilled water. Mix well.
2. Combine 100 mL of the solution made in the previous step with 900 mL of distilled water. Mix well.

Replacement Modules

The Go Direct Potassium Ion-Selective Electrode has a PVC membrane module with a limited life expectancy. The module is warranted to be free from defects for a period of twelve (12) months from the date of purchase. It is possible, however, that you may get somewhat longer use than the warranty period. If you notice a reduced response, it is probably time to replace the membrane module. Important: Do not order membrane modules far in advance of the time you will be using them; the process of degradation takes place even when they are stored on the shelf.

Battery Information

The Go Direct Potassium Ion-Selective Electrode contains a small lithium-ion battery in the handle. The system is designed to consume very little power and not put heavy demands on the battery. Although the battery is warranted for one year, the expected battery life should be several years. Replacement batteries are available from Vernier (order code: GDX-BAT-300).

Water Resistance

The Go Direct Potassium Ion-Selective Electrode is not water resistant and should never be immersed in water above the BNC junction.

If water gets into the device, immediately power the unit down (press and hold the power button for more than three seconds). Disconnect the sensor and charging cable, and remove the battery. Allow the device to dry thoroughly before attempting to use the device again. Do not attempt to dry using an external heat source.

Combination Ion-Selective Electrodes consist of an ion-specific (sensing) half-cell and a reference half-cell. The ion-specific half-cell produces a potential that is measured against the reference half-cell depending on the activity of the target ion in the measured sample. The ion activity and the potential reading change as the target ion concentration of the sample changes. The relationship between the potential measured with the ISE and the ion activity, and thereby the ion concentration in the sample, is described by the Nernst equation:

• E = measured potential (mV) between the ion-selective and the reference electrode
• E_o = standard potential (mV) between the ion-selective and reference electrodes
• R = universal gas constant (R = 8.314 J mol^-1 K^-1)
• T = temperature in K (Kelvin), with T (K) = 273.15 + t °C where t is the temperature of the measured solution in °C.
• F = Faraday constant (96485 C mol^-1)
• n = valence of the ion
• C = concentration of ion to be measured
• C₀ = detection limit

Since R and F are constant, they will not change. The electrical charge of the ion (valence) to be measured is also known. Therefore, this equation can be simplified as

E = E_o – S• log(C + C₀)

where is the ideal slope of the ISE.

The following table describes ideal behavior:

Ion Examples	n (valence of ion)	S (at 25 °C), mV/decade
Calcium (Ca2+)	+2	+29.58
Potassium (K+), Ammonium (NH4+)	+1	+59.16
Nitrate (NO3-), Chloride (Cl-)	–1	–59.16

Assuming C₀ is near zero, the equation can be rewritten as:

C = 10^˄[(E – E_o) / S]

allowing for the calculation of the ion concentration.

It is very important to note that this table reflects ideal behavior. Ion-selective electrodes have slopes that are typically lower than ideal. It is generally accepted that an ISE slope from 88–101% of ideal is allowable. The slope (S) is an indicator of ISE performance. If the slope changes significantly over time, it may indicate that it is necessary to replace the ISE sensor tip.

Potential vs. Concentration

To measure the mV readings from an aqueous sample, calibration is not required. To convert mV readings to concentration (mg/L or ppm), the software uses a modified version of the Nernst Equation:

C = 10^˄[(E – E_o) / S_m]

• C = concentration of ion to be measured (mg/L or ppm)
• E = measured potential of sample (mV)
• E_o = measured potential (mV) at a C = 1 mg/L K⁺ concentration
• S_m = measured electrode slope in mV/decade

The value of S_m, the measured electrode slope, is determined by measuring the potential of two standard solutions, and solving the equation below:

S_m = – [(Low Standard – High Standard) / # of decades*]

*A decade is defined as the factor of the difference between the two standard solutions. For example, the difference between a 1mg/L standard and a 100 mg/L standard is 2 decades (a factor of 100 difference, or 1 × 10²).

Example Calculation, converting mV to mg/L

For this example, the measured quantities are shown in the chart below:

Solution	Measured Potential
1 mg/L K+ standard	–8 mV
10 mg/L K+ standard	50 mV
1000 mg/L K+ standard	162 mV
unknown sample	138 mV

 

C = 10^[(138 mV – (–8 mV))/ 56 mV/decade] = 405 mg/L K⁺

Using Ionic Strength Adjuster Solutions to Improve Accuracy

For optimal results at low concentrations, a standard method for taking measurements with ion-selective electrodes is to add ionic strength adjuster (ISA) solution to each of your standard solutions and samples.

Adding an ISA ensures that the total ion activity in each solution being measured is nearly equal, regardless of the specific ion concentration. This is especially important when measuring very low concentrations of ions. The ISA contains no ions common to the ISE itself. Note: The additions of ISA to samples or standards described below do not need to have a high level of accuracy—combining the ISA solution and sample solution counting drops using a disposable Beral pipet works fine. We recommend using 1 M NaCl solution at the ISA solution for the Potassium ISE.

See general tips for using Ion Selective Electrodes at www.vernier.com/til/665

If you have followed the troubleshooting steps and are still having trouble with your Go Direct Potassium Ion-Selective Electrode, contact Vernier Technical Support at support@vernier.com or call 888-837-6437. Support specialists will work with you to determine if the unit needs to be sent in for repair. At that time, a Return Merchandise Authorization (RMA) number will be issued and instructions will be communicated on how to return the unit for repair.

Item	Order Code
Electrode Storage Bottles, pkg of 5	BTL-ES
Standard High K ISE Solution	K-HST
Standard Low K ISE Solution	K-LST
Potassium Replacement Module	K-MOD
Go Direct Potassium Ion-Selective Electrode BNC	GDX-K-BNC
Go Direct ISE Amplifier	GDX-ISEA
Micro USB Cable	CB-USB-MICRO
USB-C to Micro USB Cable	CB-USB-C-MICRO
Go Direct 300 mAh Replacement Battery	GDX-BAT-300

When disposing of this electronic product, do not treat it as household waste. Its disposal is subject to regulations that vary by country and region. This item should be given to an applicable collection point for the recycling of electrical and electronic equipment. By ensuring that this product is disposed of correctly, you help prevent potential negative consequences on human health or on the environment. The recycling of materials will help to conserve natural resources. For more detailed information about recycling this product, contact your local city office or your disposal service.

Battery recycling information is available at www.call2recycle.org

Do not puncture or expose the battery to excessive heat or flame.

The symbol, shown here, indicates that this product must not be disposed of in a standard waste container.